Mans Journey into Self in Heart of Darkness and A Essays

Keeps an eye on Journey into Self in Heart of Darkness and An Essays Keeps an eye on Journey into Self in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now English Keeps an eye on Journey into Self in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Hu240 Inborn inside each human spirit is a savage fiendishness side that remaining parts curbed by society. Frequently this abhorrent side breaks out during times of seclusion from our way of life, and at whatever point one culture stands up to another. History is stacked with instances of abominations that have happened when one culture comes into contact with another. At whatever point on a very basic level unique societies meet, there is regularly a dread of tainting and loss of self that drives us to find increasingly about our actual selves, regularly causing apparent frenzy by the individuals who still can't seem to find. The Puritans left Europe in order to find another world to invite them and their convictions. What they discovered was an immense new world, stacked with Indian societies new to them. This mind-boggling social connection caused a few Puritans to go distraught and attempt to cleanse themselves of an apparent underhandedness. This came to be known as the Salem witch preliminaries. During World War II, Germany made an endeavor to overwhelm Europe. What happened when the Nazis came into power and abused the Jews in Germany, Austria and Poland is notable as the Holocaust. Here, people underhanded side gives perhaps the most terrifying event of this century. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi partners led attacks of the ghettos to find and frequently eliminate any Jews they found. In spite of the fact that Jews are the most broadly known casualties of the Holocaust, they were by all account not the only targets. At the point when the war finished, 6 million Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, gay people, Jehovah's Witnesses, Socialists, and others focused by the Nazis, had kicked the bucket in the Holocaust. A large portion of these passings happened in gas chambers and mass shootings. This frightful assault was inspired primarily by the dread of social intermixing which would impurify the Ace Race. Joseph Conrads book, The Heart of Darkness and Francis Coppolas film, End of the world Now are the two anecdotes about Mans venture into his self, and the disclosures to be made there. They are additionally about Man facing his feelings of trepidation of disappointment, madness, passing, and social tainting. During Marlows strategic discover Kurtz, he is likewise attempting to get himself. He, as Kurtz meant well after entering the Congo. Conrad attempts to give us that Marlow is the thing that Kurtz had been, and Kurtz is the thing that Marlow could become. Each human has a tad bit of Marlow and Kurtz in them. Marlow says about himself, I was getting savage (Conrad), implying that he was turning out to be increasingly like Kurtz. Along the stumble into the wild, they find their genuine selves through contact with savage locals. As Marlow adventures further up the Congo, he has an inclination that he is going back through time. He sees the agitated wild and can feel the dimness of its isolation. Marlow runs over less difficult savage societies along the banks. The more profound into the wilderness he goes, the more backward the occupants appear. Kurtz had lived in the Congo, and was isolated from his own way of life for a long while. He had once been viewed as a decent man, however the wilderness transformed him incredibly. Here, segregated from the remainder of his own general public, he found his abhorrent side and got adulterated by his capacity and isolation. Marlow informs us regarding the Ivory that Kurtz kept as his own, and that he had no limitation, and was a tree influenced by the breeze (Conrad, 209). Marlow makes reference to the human heads showed on posts that demonstrated that Mr. Kurtz needed limitation in the delight of his different desires (Conrad, 220). Conrad additionally lets us know his nerves turned out badly, and made him direct at certain 12 PM moves finishing with unspeakable rights, which were advertised up to him (Conrad, 208), implying that Kurtz went crazy and permitted himself to be loved as a divine being. Apparently while Kurtz had been disconnected from his way of life, he had gotten adulterated by this brutal local culture, furthermore, permitted his malicious side to control him. Marlow understands that without a doubt, exceptionally close to the hour of death, does an individual handle the comprehensive view. He depicts Kurtzs last minutes as if a cloak had been lease (Conrad, 239). Kurtzs last incomparable snapshot of complete information (Conrad, 239), gave him how repulsive the human spirit truly can be. Marlow can just hypothesize with respect to what Kurtz saw that made him shout The frightfulness! The awfulness, yet later includes that Since I peeped over the edge myself, I see better the significance of his gaze it was wide enough

Russian gas industry and its effects on people environment and Research Paper

Russian gas industry and its impacts on individuals condition and business - Research Paper Example Ecological issues are of an incredible test to Russia’s residents and the economy causing among others, respiratory and gastrointestinal sickness, budgetary strains, decrease of work efficiency and harming regular assets. This paper focusses on the Russian gas industry and its impacts on individuals condition and business. Russia brags of holding the biggest flammable gas saves with 1, 688 trillion cubic feet according to 2013 reports, a figure that represents about a fourth of the world’s all out demonstrated stores. The vast majority of Russia’s saves are arranged in Siberia, Urengoy and Medvezh’ye that represent practically 40% of the country’s all out stores as different stores are situated in the northern Russia (Miller, 2013). Taking a gander at the gas segment association, the state run Gazprom rules Russia’s upstream and creates practically 74% of the Russia’s yield and further controls over 65% of demonstrated stores (World Watch Institute, 2014). Autonomous makers, for example, Novatek and LUKoil have likewise altogether picked up and upgraded Russia’s creation despite the fact that upstream open doors are limited. Be that as it may, the Gazprom’s imposing business model on the Russia’s gas send out is nearly finishing according t o the government’s plans. A large portion of Russia’s petroleum gas save a work in progress and creation are in the upper piece of Western Siberia despite the fact that Gazpron is putting resources into new locales, for example, the Yamal Peninsula to bring gas stores into the zones. The prestige productive fields in Siberia incorporate Yamburg , Urengoy and Medvezh’ye that are authorized by Gazpron in spite of the fact that the three fields have recorded yield decreases in the ongoing years (Miller, 2013). The higher creation pace of flammable gas in Russia has been activated by the numerous organizations entering the gas business, for example, oil organizations appropriating to build up their gas hold. The administration is additionally attempting to decrease the consistently expanding gas

Classical Conditioning How It Works With Examples

Classical Conditioning How It Works With Examples Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Classical Conditioning Overview A Step-by-Step Guide to How Classical Conditioning Really Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 05, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Classical Conditioning Basics How Does Classical Conditioning Work? Key Principles of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Examples View All Back To Top Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.??? Illustration by Joshua Seong, Verywell Classical Conditioning Basics Although classical conditioning was not discovered by a psychologist at all, it had a tremendous influence over the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.??? Behaviorism is based on the assumption that:All  learning occurs through interactions with the environmentThe environment shapes behavior Its important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlovs classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (presenting of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response.??? In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. How Does Classical Conditioning Work? Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.??? There are three basic phases of this process: Phase 1: Before Conditioning The first part of the classical conditioning process requires a naturally occurring stimulus that will automatically elicit a response. Salivating in response to the smell of food is a good example of a naturally occurring stimulus. During this phase of the processes, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) results in an unconditioned response (UCR).??? For example, presenting food (the UCS) naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response (the UCR). At this point, there is also a neutral stimulus that produces no effect - yet. It isnt until this neutral stimulus is paired with the UCS that it will come to evoke a response. Lets take a closer look at the two critical components of this phase of classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.??? For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.??? In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. Phase 2: During Conditioning During the second phase of the classical conditioning process, the previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. As a result of this pairing, an association between the previously neutral stimulus and the UCS is formed. At this point, the once neutral stimulus becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The subject has now been conditioned to respond to this stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.??? In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. Phase 3: After Conditioning Once the association has been made between the UCS and the CS, presenting the conditioned stimulus alone will come to evoke a response even without the unconditioned stimulus. The resulting response is known as the conditioned response (CR).??? The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. Key Principles of Classical Conditioning Behaviorists have described a number of different phenomena associated with  classical conditioning. Some of these elements involve the initial establishment of the response while others describe the disappearance of a response. These elements are important in understanding the classical conditioning process. Lets take a closer look at five key principles of classical conditioning: 1. Acquisition Acquisition  is the initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.??? During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an  unconditioned stimulus. As you may recall, an unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning. After an association is made, the subject will begin to emit a behavior in response to the previously neutral stimulus, which is now known as a  conditioned stimulus. It is at this point that we can say that the response has been acquired. For example, imagine that you are conditioning a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a bell. You repeatedly pair the presentation of food with the sound of the bell. You can say the response has been acquired as soon as the dog begins to salivate in response to the bell tone. Once the response has been established, you can gradually reinforce the salivation response to make sure the behavior is well learned. Acquisition in Classical Conditioning 2. Extinction Extinction  is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears. In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.??? For example, if the smell of food (the unconditioned stimulus) had been paired with the sound of a whistle (the conditioned stimulus), it would eventually come to evoke the conditioned response of hunger. However, if the unconditioned stimulus (the smell of food) were no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus (the whistle), eventually the conditioned response (hunger) would disappear. Extinction in Classical Conditioning 3. Spontaneous Recovery Sometimes a learned response can suddenly reemerge even after a period of extinction.  Spontaneous recovery  is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.??? For example, imagine that after training a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, you stop reinforcing the behavior and the response eventually becomes extinct. After a rest period during which the conditioned stimulus is not presented, you suddenly ring the bell and the animal spontaneously recovers the previously learned response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery. Why Spontaneous Recovery Is Important in Psychology 4. Stimulus Generalization Stimulus generalization  is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.??? For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, the animal may also exhibit the same response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. In John B. Watsons famous  Little Albert Experiment, for example, a small child was conditioned to fear a white rat. The child demonstrated stimulus generalization by also exhibiting fear in response to other fuzzy white objects including stuffed toys and Watson own hair. How Stimulus Generalization Influences Learning 5. Stimulus Discrimination Discrimination  is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.??? For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds. Because the subject is able to distinguish between these stimuli, he or she will only respond when the conditioned stimulus is presented. Understanding Stimulus Discrimination Classical Conditioning Examples It can be helpful to look at a few examples of how the classical conditioning process operates both in experimental and real-world  settings. Classical Conditioning of a Fear Response One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning was John B. Watsons experiment in which a fear response was conditioned in a boy known as Little Albert.??? The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The childs fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects. Lets examine the elements of this classic experiment. Prior to the conditioning, the white rat was a neutral stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud, clanging sounds and the unconditioned response was the fear response created by the noise. By repeatedly pairing the rat with the unconditioned stimulus, the white rat (now the conditioned stimulus) came to evoke the fear response (now the conditioned response). This experiment illustrates how phobias can form through classical conditioning. In many cases, a single pairing of a neutral stimulus (a dog, for example) and a frightening experience (being bitten by the dog) can lead to a lasting phobia (being afraid of dogs). Classical Conditioning of Taste Aversions Another example of classical conditioning can be seen in the development of conditioned taste aversions. Researchers John Garcia and Bob Koelling first noticed this phenomenon when they observed how rats that had been exposed to a nausea-causing radiation developed an aversion to flavored water after the radiation and the water were presented together.??? In this example, the radiation represents the unconditioned stimulus and the nausea represents the unconditioned response. After the pairing of the two, the flavored water is the conditioned stimulus, while the nausea that formed when exposed to the water alone is the conditioned response. Later research demonstrated that such classically conditioned aversions could be produced through a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Researchers also found that such aversions can even develop if the conditioned stimulus (the taste of the food) is presented several hours before the unconditioned stimulus (the nausea-causing stimulus).??? Why do such associations develop so quickly? Obviously, forming such associations can have survival benefits for the organism. If an animal eats something that makes it ill, it needs to avoid eating the same food in the future to avoid sickness or even death. This is a great example of what is known as biological preparedness. Some associations form more readily because they aid in survival.??? In one famous field study, researchers injected sheep carcasses with a poison that would make coyotes sick but not kill them. The goal was to help sheep ranchers reduce the number of sheep lost to coyote killings. Not only did the experiment work by lowering the number of sheep killed, it also caused some of the coyotes to develop such a strong aversion to sheep that they would actually run away at the scent or sight of a sheep. A Word From Verywell In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlovs dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets. These techniques are also useful for helping people cope with phobias or anxiety problems. Therapists might, for example, repeatedly pair something that provokes anxiety with relaxation techniques in order to create an association. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious and tense in these situations, the child will learn to stay relaxed and calm.

Moon Landing Conspiracy And Its Effects On The World Essay

Moon Landing Conspiracy The United States and Mankind have gone on to do many amazing feats that were once though impossible. However, nothing comes to be quite as amazing as the Apollo 11 mission that landed the first men on the surface of the moon. At the time this act caused widespread celebration, and cheer. Over the years some people started to doubt the legitimacy of what occurred on that day back in 1969. These people came on to form the basis of the moon landing conspiracy theory. A theory that states that the United States never landed on the moon and the United States faked the whole thing in order to say they won the space race against the Soviet Union and increase moral during the time of the Cold war. Some of the core arguments that form the Moon landing Hoax conspiracy are that the mission would have been too dangerous with the technology we had at the time. They disregard any footage from the event, believing that NASA and the US government created a fake set in an undisclosed location and us ed special effects to make the footage seem more believable. All of the claims made by these hoax believers can be refuted with science and common sense, and that is what this paper sets out to do. The Apollo missions were huge efforts that required thousands of scientists, workers and contractors to come together. So how is it that thousands of people can come together to create what was a fake mission without one person coming forward and leaking the fact that all ofShow MoreRelatedMoon Landing Conspiracy807 Words   |  4 PagesScientific Facts for Moon Landing Conspiracy Theorists: An Essay on the Apollo 11 Conspiracies Tatiana Odishoo Ms. Betances, English 1 Pre-IB Global Issue Research Paper June1, 2011 Odishoo, Tatiana Ms. Betances/ English 1 Pre-IB Per.5 Global Issue Draft 20 May 2011 Scientific Facts for Moon Landing Conspiracy Theorists People around the globe are familiar with the triumphant words, â€Å"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.† However, nearly 20% (Russo) believe they wereRead MoreMoon Landing Exploratory Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesMoon Landing 1969 â€Å"Ignition sequence starts, three, two, one, all engine running, zero, lift off.† On July 16th 9:32 a.m., Apollo 11 was successfully launched as millions watched. 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When the new battle of the Cold War began, the Soviet Union became our new enemy, to be absolutely and utterly defeated by any means necessary. Not only was each advancement by the U.S. a victory, but each one by the USSR was implicitly a failure

A Simple Guide to Global Climate Change

A discussion of global climate change, also called global warming, can get very complicated very quickly. Fortunately, it can be explained rather simply. Here are the basics you need to know about climate change: Warmer Land and Sea The climate has warmed and cooled many times during Earth’s geological history, over millions of years. However, the global increase in mean temperature we have observed in the last decades has been both unusually rapid and quite large. It translates to warmer  air  temperatures and warmer sea water almost everywhere on Earth. Less Ice, LessSnow This increase in temperatures has led to increased melting of most of the world’s glaciers. In addition, the thick  Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets are losing volume, and sea ice covers an increasingly small portion of the Arctic while also getting thinner. The winter snow cover in most areas of the U.S. is thinner and does not last as long over the winter. Sea levels are rising, both because of the melting ice, and because warmer water expands and takes up more space. Less Predictable Weather While the word climate refers to long-term statistics on many aspects of temperature and precipitation, weather is a more immediate phenomenon, and is what we feel outside everyday. Global climate change is transforming our experience of weather events in different ways depending on where we live. Common changes include more frequent heavy rain events, regular winter thaws, or persistent droughts. All About the Greenhouse Effect Human activities release in the atmosphere many gases that create a greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases hold back the sun’s energy that had been reflected by Earth’s surface. This heat is then redirected towards the ground, increasing temperatures. Most of the observed warming can be attributed to these gases. How Are Greenhouse Gas Produced? The most important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane. They are released when we extract, process, and burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity, manufacturing, and transportation. These gases are also produced during industrial activities, when we clear land for housing and farming, and during some agricultural activities. Are Sun Cycles to Blame? The Earth’s surface temperature rises and falls with slight changes during natural sun cycles. However, these solar cycles and the changes they produce are well understood and much less significant than those driven by greenhouse gases. Global Warming Consequences The consequences of global warming include more frequent coastal flooding, heat waves, extreme precipitation events, food insecurity, and urban vulnerability. The global warming consequences are being felt (and will be felt) differently in different parts of the world. Global climate change often affects more those who do not have the economic means to develop ways to adapt to the changes. Of course, climate change affect not only humans but the rest of the living world as well.   Global warming has few positive consequences. Gains in agricultural production, often cited as positive, are easily offset by increases in pest problems (including invasive species), droughts, and severe weather events. We can respond by mitigating global warming, which is to reduce it by curbing greenhouse gas emissions. We can also capture carbon dioxide, the most abundant greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere and store it safely on earth. We can, in addition, adapt by investing in infrastructure, transportation, and agriculture in order to continue living with the inevitable changes brought by global warming.    What Can You Do? Most importantly, reduce your greenhouse gas emissions, whether you contribute as an individual or as a business owner.

Public Service Policy and Strategy Business Essay Free Essays

string(74) " is a balance between the two types of forces, no change will take place\." Abstract Organisations change in various ways which means that they become different. This could happen as a result of becoming a larger entity or by changing from a private to a public company. Change could also take place as a result of becoming â€Å"more customer or marketing focused as opposed to production orientated† (The Times, 2012, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Service Policy and Strategy Business Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1) or by changing the scope of its business activities. These are just some of the changes that may occur within an organisation and could lead to either a positive or negative outcome. Whilst change is inevitable, it is important that Public Service Organisations’ (PSO) are able to deal with any challenges they face. This is because, PSO’s are in a position of trust as they provide services to the public and so are owned and controlled by the government. Hence, it is therefore vital that PSO’s fully understand the public sector and are prepared for new changes. This could be achieved by ensuring that there is a need for change and thereby planning for it; by building internal support systems and by overcoming resistance by making sure that there is top management support and commitment (Sergio and Rainey, 2006: 168). Provided that these factors are taken into consideration, a trusting environment will be created and PSO’s will be equipped for any transit ions that take place. The main changes that are likely to take place within a PSO include: services design; structural alterations, management or administration of PSO’s, and changes to the skills that are necessary to manage PSO’s. Understanding the process of transformation and change in PSO’s are thereby key elements of a manager’s role. There are two kinds of strategies for managing change, these are planned and emergency, yet how these strategies are utilised will depend on the type of change taking place. Introduction The current scenario of the British Red Cross (BRC) will be explained in this report followed by an assessment as to whether change within the BRC is in fact needed. A new strategic direction will also be introduced which will contain the BRC’s main objective which is to; â€Å"help people in crisis in the UK and all over the world† (BRC, 2012: 1). This will be done by firstly introducing the BRC and putting forward a change situation. The force field analysis evaluating drivers and resisters of the change will then be explained followed by an overview of Mintzberg’s concept of an emergent strategy. Once this has been done, an action plan which demonstrates how the change shall happen will then be constructed, followed by a conclusion and overall summary of the reports main findings. Main Body Section 1: Introduction to the BRC and change proposal 1.1 Organization background (BRC): The British Red Cross (BRC) is a UK society, which is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement that aims to provide aid to those in crisis. The BRC helps those within and outside of the UK and operates a non-discriminatory policy. The main objective of the BRC is to provide assistance to people in crisis by conforming to the seven fundamental principles which are: Humanity Impartiality Neutrality Voluntary Service Unity Universality Independence In addition to these principles, the BRC strives to be compassionate, inclusive, dynamic and courageous (BRC, 2011c: 1) and is recognised as one of the main voluntary aid societies within the UK. The BRC undertakes a number of different activities annually so that individuals can be provided with the help that they need. In 2011 the BRC launched seven emergency appeals to help people around the world recover from famine, flooding, earthquakes and conflict, raising 21.6 million; helped 75,000 people in Haiti recover their livelihoods; responded to 4,200 emergency call outs in the UK; loaned out 75,000 wheelchairs; and helped 35,000 refugees and asylum seekers adapt to life in the UK (BRC, 2011b: 1-27). As the BRC is a charity, nonetheless, much of the funding comes from voluntary public contributions and whilst personal contributions are highly important so are corporate contributions since the BRC would not be able to function effectively without such aid. 1.2 Analyzing the change situation: After reviewing both the internal and external environment of the BRC, it is revealed that the BRC needs to raise greater awareness about overseas emergency aid. This is because, after undertaking various research activities, it was found that â€Å"almost three in four Britons feel that they are not well informed about overseas emergency aid issues† (BRC, 2011c: 1). In accordance with this, it is vital that changes to the ways in which the BRC operates are made so that a greater awareness of overseas aid can be achieved. Because the BRC operates on public funding, it is necessary for all individuals to be made fully aware of the different areas of the aid system. This could be attained through the formation of an executive organisation dealing primarily with aid awareness. The public would thus be provided with greater confidence when donating to the BRC as they would be fully aware of how their aid is being utilized. Consequently, the main objective of this new strategic dir ection is to prevent corruption and organisational incompetence whilst promoting an awareness of emergency aid. In realising this direction, the BRC’s current business strategy would need to be altered in order to approach the public in developed countries and provide them with an insight into the ways underdeveloped countries are being supported. This would certainly encourage further aid and would evidently lead to the growth of the BRC. Section 2 Force field analysis evaluating drivers and resisters of the change There are a number of different factors which drive change within any organisation, yet Lewin (1951) identified four different forces in his force field analysis. These are; forces for change; forces resisting change; driving forces; and restraining forces These forces are used in change management and help to understand most change processes in any organisation. If there is a balance between the two types of forces, no change will take place. You read "Public Service Policy and Strategy Business Essay" in category "Essay examples" However, if the driving force exceeds the restraining force then changes will be made. Accordingly, the total drivers and resisters first need to be identified. Once this has been done, an appropriate score from 0-9 then needs to be assigned to the force. Based on the total score of all the drivers and resisters, it is determined whether implementation of change would be successful or not. Below is the representation of influencer drivers and resisters of the proposed change situation for the BRC. Forces FOR change Forces AGAINST change Need to raise awareness about overseas emergency aid 8 Complex issues may be raised 5 Desire to increase voluntary donations 7 BRC’s current strategies are workable 6 Need to understand how aid is being utilised 8 Costs are reduced 5 Possibility of increased public donations 7 Rational resistance of change 3 30TOTAL19 2.1 Drivers of change: Need to raise awareness about overseas emergency aid – This force is imperative in preventing corrupt practices from taking place, yet the only way the public can be assured that this is being achieved is through improved public understanding as to how the BRC’s aid is being spent. At present, the public are unsure as to why developing countries remain underdeveloped when a significant amount of aid is being transferred to these countries each year. However, as noted by Akande (2001, p. 27); â€Å"the sums concerned, though large, can do little to offset the far greater imbalances in the world economic order where raw commodities exported from developing countries have lost more than 50% of their trade value in the last 15 years.† Furthermore, whilst individuals and organisations provide a lot of aid to the BRC, a substantial amount of this is paid to the bank in interest. Furthermore, debt servicing payments are also paid to the World Bank, which means that dev eloping countries are left with very little to establish their own economies. This appears somewhat absurd and it is unsurprising why there is a great reluctance to provide aid to underdeveloped countries because of this. Consequently, provided that the BRC can demonstrate exactly how their particular aid is utilised, it is likely that further investments will be made. This is because, as stressed by Aid Info (2008; p. 1); â€Å"Organisations and governments are most effective when they can be held accountable to those they serve, in this instance, communities receiving aid.† Therefore, unless aid transparency is ascertained, the growth of the BRC will be affected. This force scores 8 as it is given high consideration for effective aid utilization within the UK. Desire to increase voluntary donations – Because the BRC operates on voluntary donations, it is vital that these can be increased which is likely to be attained through aid transparency. This force scores 7 from this too has a significant impact upon the drive for change. Need to understand how aid is being utilised – If the public understand how their donations will be utilised it is likely that they will donate a lot more. As such, better awareness and utilisation is required. This force impacts deeply and thus scores 8 to demonstrate the significance of aid utilization maximization. Possibilities of increased public donations – It is likely that there would be an increased level of public donations if the public were fully aware of how their contributions were being spent. Essentially, it is important that this scores 7 since the value of the chain is clearly determined by this. 2.2 Resisters of change: Complex issues may be raised – Greater accountability may cause many problems for the BRC and the internal environment may be significantly affected as a result. This force scores 5 to illustrate its impact. BRC’s current strategies are workable – Because of the success in which the BRC has had so far, it could be said that changes to aid awareness would be detrimental and that aid data would still only be partially available. This change scores 6 in order to reflect the concern surrounding this issue. Costs are reduced: Because of the costs that would be incurred from generating awareness, it is likely that the amount of net aid will be reduced which would have a damaging effect to the value of the BRC. It therefore scores 5. Rational resistance of change: In justifying the need for this change, a determination as to whether aid awareness is really necessary needs to be made. Nevertheless, because rational resistance is easily overcome it scores a low 3 as the impact of this is minimal. After quantifying the numbers of drivers and resisters with their degree of influence it is evident that there will be more drivers than resisters of this particular change. Accordingly, the total score of drivers is 30, whilst the total score of resistors is 19. As a result, it is manifest that the change to be made will be more likely to succeed since aid awareness is likely to have a positive impact on the performance of the BRC. Section 3: Mintzberg’s concept of an emergent strategy for proposed change in the BRC 3.1 Understanding Mintzberg’s emergent strategy: An emergent strategy is one that emerges over time as unexpected changes in the environment collide with intentions. Essentially, this means that the intended strategy of an organisation eventually changes in accordance with what actually works in practice (Moore, 2011, p. 1). Thus, according to Mintzberg (1985, p. 257); â€Å"strategies are largely emergent within organisations and not simply predictable outcomes of formal hierarchical plans.† Consequently, it is thus believed by Mintzberg (1994) that the management of any organisation should therefore adopt a more flexible approach when it comes to strategic planning since the original objectives will undoubtedly be subject to change. In accordance with this emergent strategy, it is thereby important that the strategic plan for BRC includes ways to reduce the resisters of change. This will be done in accordance with the BRC’s best practice. 3.2 Constructing emergent strategy to implement change in the BRC: An emergent strategy can be created by following these steps; (Scott, 2006, pp. 6-7). Step 1 – Identify and map out any assumptions and risks of the BRC’s strategy; Step 2 – Identify and prioritise those assumptions and risks in order to learn more about them so that any risks can be dealt with accordingly; Step 3 – Design and execute knowledge building exercises in order to build smart experiments and risk mitigation strategies; Step 4 – Absorb and redirect based on the results of the experiments. By putting these steps into practice, BRC will be able to adjust to any new ideas and deal with any challenges they may face according. This will ultimately increase the chances of this new change succeeding. Step 1 – Identify and map out any assumptions and risks in of the BRC’s strategy Because change within any organisation lead creates a certain degree of uncertainty, it is important to carefully review all parts of an emergent strategy, whether these are positive or negative. Since the BRC aims to provide help and assistance to those in crisis around the world, it is evident that the change relating to aid transparency will not have much of a damaging effect. However, there will be some concern relating to the case flow of the BRC as the costs incurred may have a negative impact on this. Nevertheless, if this change leads to an increase in donations, the dent in the cash flow can be overcome. Consequently, the change in this strategy is proposed to change the views on donating and provide those willing to donate with a deeper understanding of how aid is being utilised. This will prevent corrupt practices from being employed and the utilization of aid will be maximised. Step 2 – Identify and prioritise those assumptions and risks in order to learn more about them so that any risks can be dealt with accordingly Whilst the internal and external environment of the BRC will be affected by this change, it is important to prioritise the assumptions and risks by considering the impact a wrong assumption would have on the BRC and determining how any risks can in fact be overcome. It also needs to be considered whether the assumptions are certain because even the slightest doubt can significantly affect the overall strategy of the BRC. Consideration of how further assumptions can be learnt also needs to be taken into account so that costs of running further experiments and the amount of time this will take can be established. Step 3 – Design and execute knowledge building exercises in order to build smart experiments and risk mitigation strategies All good emergent strategies need experiments and risk mitigation strategies so that any uncertainties in the approach taken can be identified and dealt with early on. Experiments can consist of; partial experiments, which test one part of a strategy, and holistic experiments, which test the whole of the strategy. Step 4 – Absorb and redirect based on the results of the experiments This stage of the emergent strategy process consists of a knowledge building exercise. The BRC and its management will thus be required to re-assess the approach being undertaken and consider whether any new information should lead the management to; double down, continue exploring, re-vector or shelve (Scott, 2008, p. 9). Consequently, in order to construct the emergent strategy for change in the BRC pre-strategic planning and implementation is required. Section 4: Precise Action plan Objectives Actions Responsibilities Resources Deadlines Risks Mile stones Human Financial objectiveActionsResposibilitiesResourcesmeasuresRisksdeadlineMilestone Develop the BRC’s own team of executivesAction 1: Implement a task-expertise-person model of team effectiveness Action 2: Organise the entire system of operation leadership and responsibilities Action 3: Construct Executive Strategy Action 4: Develop an effective HR management systemManagers and employeesInformation Services, computerisation, resource centre and networkingCalculate the costs and allocate responsibilitiesCostly and Time ConsumingMarch 2013Analyse the executive’s current skills, knowledge and competencies and develop a training plan for the team of executives through the completion of a gap analysis. Raise awareness about overseas aid in order to increase voluntary donationsAction 1: Consider how aid should be effectively distributed Action 2: Raise current awareness about aid Action 3:Operative executivesQuestionnaires, Perceptions Survey, Networking and Resource CentresAs aboveNegative impact of PEST factorsMay 2013Interact with the public in order to determine current awareness Collect and Analyse Experimental DataAction 1: Evaluate current awareness Action 2: Consider the effects increased awareness would have on the organisation Action 3: Record current activities of aid awarenessEmployeesAs aboveAs aboveConsider the effects transparency will have on the BRCAugust 2013Analyse the data collected and reach a conclusion based on the findings. Use statistical methods to decide whether the change is worthwhile Finalise Emergent StrategyAction 1: Design and Execute Knowledge Building Exercises Action 2: Pre Strategic Planning Action 3: Redirect activities based on the findings Managers, Executors and Leadership TeamAs AboveReviewing Data, Generating Initiatives, Prioritising Activities, Writing the overall planConsider how the resistors of change can be overcomeDecember 2013Adjust to the new ideas and deal with any challenges in an appropriate manner Implement the ChangeAction 1: Raise awareness of overseas aid Action 2: Ensure the BRC’s activities are transparent Action 3: Provide the public with an overview as to how the resources are being usedManagers, Executors and Leadership TeamComputer Systems, Internet, VolunteersImplement the PlanIf the outcomes are negative, re-direct the strategy and start againMarch 2014Review the emergent strategy and make changes where necessary Section 5: Concluding Remarks Many organisations are coming to the realisation that change is to be expected, which is why it is important that effective strategies are in place that will help to deal with such changes and ensure that only positive outcomes are produced. Whilst the introduction of significant changes can be confusing and frustrating leading to a decline in productivity, it is clear that such drawbacks can be overcome through the implementation of an effective emergent strategy. Accordingly, risks to productivity will thus be eradicated and the desired objectives of the change will be achieved. The BRC does not have an easy solution when it comes to making changes to the organisational structure of the business and instead ensures that any changes to be made are thoroughly thought out before they are implemented. Thus, in order for the BRC to reach its overall aim which is to help those in crisis, much emphasis is placed upon the need for transparency. The fundamental idea is to provide the public with a greater understanding of how the aid that is provided to the BRC is being utilised so that voluntary donations increase. In addition, it is likely that corrupt practices would be eradicated if the BRC were more transparent and although this would cost money; the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages. This report uses the force field analysis in order to identify the resistors and drivers of this proposed change and to consider whether the change should take place. Because the score for change is 30, whilst the score against change is 19, it is evident that the change will prove successful. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired outcome of the change, the emergent strategy of Mintzberg ought to be used. References Aid Info. (2008) Aid Transparency Movement, Better Information, Better Aid, [Online] Available: http://www.aidinfo.org/about-us/aid-transparency-movement [04 January 2013]. Akande, W. (2001) Ireland: A Nation in Transition, iUniverse. BRC. (2011a) Seeds of Change Launched at Red Cross Event, [Online] Available: http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/News/2011/October/Seeds-of-Change-campaign-launched-at-Red-Cross-event [22 December 2012]. BRC. (2011b) Trustees Report and Accounts, [Online] Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/90332211/2011-Trustees-report-and-accounts [22 December 2012]. BRC. (2011c) Our Values, [Online] Available: http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/Our-values [21 December 2012]. BRC. (2012) Donate Today, [Online] Available: http://www.redcross.org.uk/ [20 December 2012]. Moore, K. (2011) Porter or Mintzberg: Whose View of Strategy is the Most Relevant Today, Forbes, [Online] Available: http://www.forbes.com/sites/karlmoore/2011/03/28/porter-or-mintzberg-whose-view-of-strategy-is-the-most-relevant-today/ [05 January 2013]. Mintzberg, H. and Waters, J. A. (1985) Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent, Wiley-Blackwell, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 6, no. 3. Mintzberg, H. (1994) The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning: Reconcieving Roles for Planning, Plans, Planners, Free Press: New York, Maxwell Macmillan. Scott, D A. (2006) Mastering the Emergent Strategy Process, Strategy and Innovation. Sergio, F. and Rainey, H. G. (2006) Managing Successful Organisational Change in the Public Sector, Public Administration Review, Volume 168, Issue 9. The Times. (2012) The Organisation and Change, Operations Theory, [Online] Available: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/operations/the-organisation-and-change.html#axzz2H6FILJP6 [04 January 2013]. How to cite Public Service Policy and Strategy Business Essay, Essay examples

Classical Neo Theories Of Economic Growth -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Classical Neo Theories Of Economic Growth? Answer: Introducation Economic growth refers to the increase in the capability of an economy in the production of goods and services from one time period to another. It is usually measured in the percentage rate of increase in the real or nominal terms of gross domestic product (GDP) (Kuznets 2016). There are two major branches of economics that explain the economic growth in two different angles. One of them is the Classical theory of economic growth. The pioneers of economics, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas R. Malthus and J. S. Mill provided the essence of economic growth, known as, classical theory of economic growth. As stated by North (2016), the theme of classical theory is that the growth of an economy depends on capital accumulation, increasing returns to scale and specialization. Adam Smith first proposed the idea of economic growth in his 1776 book, Wealth of Nations. He argued that there are several elements in the economy that can lead to increased growth. Those elements are: Markets playing important role in the determination of demand and supply Productivity of labor and its influence on per capita income Significant role of trade in enabling more specialization Increasing returns to scale, resulting in more specialization in the modern world (Rosen and Gayer 2014). The classical model was developed by Malthus and Ricardo. In this model, they assumed that the change in technology is constant and expansion in the inputs results in diminishing returns to scale. Malthus highlighted in his theory that, the worlds population would grow faster than the capacity to feed itself because he did not consider any technological improvement (Chakravarty 2017). Rosen and Gayer (2014) stated that according to the classical economists, one of the major features of a growing economy is the higher level of capital accumulation. This allows increase in the total output for the community by increasing the productivity of land and labor and increasing the allocation of available productive resources. Along with that, the total amount of profit is dependent on two factors, namely, total product of labor and wage level (Scully 2014). Thus, in turn it also depends on the marginal productivity of labor. The productivity of labor in turn depends on the capital stock and available techniques. The market wages could rise above the subsistence level in the short run and this would bring an increase in the population. However, in the long run, as the population growth increases, the wage reaches the subsistence level and then the growth in the population would stop. Hartwell (2017) pointed out that the surplus that is earned by the capitalists will be rein vested again in the production and the entire process will come to a stop when the diminishing returns set in the production process. Classical theory of economic growth In the above diagram, the line OW shows the subsistence level of wage, and TP1 is the total product curve. When the population level is at OM, the level of total product is OP. The per capita wage is MS, and surplus or profit is ST. At this stage, the capital formation starts and that results in increase in the demand for labor, leading to a rise in the wages, as the economy moves from T to B. With this movement, the level of working force increases and it shifts to the right, from OM to ON. Increase in population results in more amount of surplus and it is reinvested in the economy. The process will continue till it reaches the point E. With every step in the movement, the amount of surplus capital gets decreased. At E, there will be no capital or surplus, and output and wage become equal. It is a stationary situation where there will be no economic growth, and the population would remain stagnant at OV. TP2 represents the total product curve when there is another factor, that is te chnological factor and that increases the level of total product of the economy. According to the classical economists, even if there is technological factor, the economy would still reach the stagnation when there is no capital surplus (Keynes 2016). Neo-Classical Theory of Economic Growth The neo-classical theory of economic growth is established on the basis of the understanding that, growth in the output of an economy depends on the capital formation, labor and technology. According to this theory, an economy can achieve the state of equilibrium by changing the amount of labor and capital in the production function. In this theory, the role of technology on the production has been accepted. The neo-classical growth theory is a combination of the works of Solow, Meade, Tobin, Phelps, Johnson and Swan. They formed their theories on the basis of the neo-classical economists, Marshall, Wicksell and Pigou. The neo-classical theory is based on the assumptions that, The commodity and the factor markets have perfect competition, Factor payments are equal to the marginal revenue, The ratio between capital and quantity produced is variable, and There is full employment in the economy (Keynes 2016). As stated by McCombie and Thirlwall (2016), the major point of neo-classical theory of economic growth is the inclusion of technology along with the variable amount of labor and capital. It also puts emphasis on the event of capital formation and the related decisions of saving and investment, being one of the important determinants of economic growth (Higgins 2017). The model considers that the production function contains two factors, capital and labor and it also has an exogenously determined factor, that is, technology (Peet and Hartwick 2015). The production function is written as: Where Y is the total product, K is the capital, L is the unskilled labor and A is the level of technology. A change in the exogenously determined factor, that is, technology can shift the production function and thereby, changes the level of output (Yang and Ng 2015). In the following diagram, the effect of technology is shown by two labor productivity curve. Labor productivity shifts upwards when there is increase in the level of technology. Due to technological advancement, the economy moves from point A to point E, and the level of investment and savings increases. The labor productivity increases at this point as the capital per labor hour increases from k0 to k*. The basic concept, stated by Benera, Berik and Floro (2015), is that, technology leads to new opportunities for profit. Thus, savings and investment increases, real GDP per capita increases and the diminishing returns to the capital per labor hour reduce the real rate of interest. Neo-classical model of economic growth The economy starts at A and at this point, the real interest rate equals target rate of return. Technological advance pushes the economy upwards to E and the economy moves from E to B as there is an increase in the labor productivity due to technological advancement and increase in capital per labor hour. At point B, again the target return rate and real interest rate becomes equal and growth ends. Difference between the two theories (Using Institutional Analysis) There is a major difference between the two schools of thought in economics. The well known economists explained the concept of economic growth in two very distinct ways. The classical theory of economic growth was applicable to the societies during the 18th and 19th centuries, when production took place by using primitive ways. On the other hand, the neo-classical theory of economic growth was established in the 20th century when the technological revolution was taking place (Dopfer and Potts 2015). It is relevant till today. The classical economists believed in a free market or self regulating economy without any government intervention. They believed in optimal allocation of productive resources for optimum level of production. The neoclassical economists, on the other hand, believed that individuals in the society are working to maximize the utility and the organizations want to maximize profits with perfect information in the market. Hence, it can be said that, in the classical theory, the emphasis is put on the production of products and services with only two factors, labor and capital, while in the neoclassical theory, the actions of the individuals in the society and the decisions regarding savings and investment are considered as important factors determining the level of production and profit (Borner, Brunetti and Weder 2016). A major distinction between the two theories is the consideration of technological advancement in the production process. In the classical theory, the economists did not consider the technological factor and analyzed the growth process on the basis of labor and capital productivity only. However, technology plays an important role in the neoclassical theory. Technological advancement increases the total production, and thereby increasing the scope for capital accumulation. Hence, the productivity of labor increases shifting the labor productivity upwards. Thus, economic growth depends on labor productivity, capital productivity, savings, investment and technological progress (Dopfer and Potts 2015). There are some differences between the two theories, from the point of view of institutional analysis. The institutional analysis refers to the analysis of the structure and mechanisms of the institutions in an economy. This analysis deals with the functioning of the individuals and groups, constructing institutions and their effects on the economy (Powell et al. 2016). Using the institutional analysis, the difference between the two economic growth theories are as follows: Classical theory of economic growth Neo- Classical theory of economic growth Institutional structure is mechanical and impersonal (North 2016) Institutions form a social system The institutions mainly focus on the work and the economic needs of the labor or workers (Scully 2014). Institutions mainly focus on small groups within the organization as well as in the society and on the human and emotional qualities of the employees Organizations put emphasis on rationality and order Organizations put emphasis on the personal and social needs of the workers along with fulfilling the organizational objectives Organizational behavior originates from rules and regulations Organizational behavior originates from feelings, attitudes and sentiment (Lundahl and Wadensjo 2015) Authoritarian practices are used to accomplish the results (Lukacovic and Francis 2016) Democratic practices, recognition of human values and dignities and involvement of workers in decision making are important to accomplish the organizational goals. Dissatisfaction and work alienation arise in the institutions. Satisfied employees focus on increasing the productivity of the institutions. Thus, it can be said that, in the light of institutional approach, there are some important differences between the two theories. While in the classical theory, the institutions followed authoritarian practices to achieve the organizational goals, the institutions, under the neoclassical theory, followed a modern approach to deal with the organizational functions and making profits. Since, there is application of technology in the modern production process; hence, the institutions need to incorporate advanced technology along with the human values in the institutional activities. The classical school of thought focuses on the economic growth that results from the efficient and optimum allocation of productive resources in the economy. They did not consider the technological progress and the involvement of human decisions about the savings and investment. However, in the neoclassical theory, the economists incorporated the technological advancement and other human decisions that can cause major impact on the economy. The modern economies today follow the neoclassical theory of economic growth. The decisions regarding investments and savings as well as rapid technological progress determine the direction and magnitude of the economic growth. References Benera, L., Berik, G. and Floro, M., 2015.Gender, development and globalization: economics as if all people mattered. Routledge. Borner, S., Brunetti, A. and Weder, B., 2016.Political credibility and economic development. Springer. Chakravarty, S., 2017.Alternative approaches to a theory of economic growth: Marx, Marshall and Schumpeter. Orient Longman (1980). Dopfer, K. and Potts, J., 2015.The general theory of economic evolution. Routledge. Hartwell, R.M., 2017.The Industrial Revolution and economic growth(Vol. 4). Taylor Francis. Rosen, H. and Gayer, T., 2014.Public Finance. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Education. Higgins, B., 2017.Regional development theories and their application. Routledge. Keynes, J.M., 2016.General theory of employment, interest and money. Atlantic Publishers Dist. Kuznets, S., 2016.Six lectures on economic growth. Routledge. Lukacovic, I.I. and Francis, J., 2016. From the Classical School to Today: The Evolution of Stagnation Theories. Lundahl, M. and Wadensjo, E., 2015.Unequal Treatment (Routledge Revivals): A Study in the Neo-Classical Theory of Discrimination. Routledge. McCombie, J. and Thirlwall, A.P., 2016.Economic growth and the balance-of-payments constraint. Springer. North, D.C., 2016. Institutions and economic theory.The American Economist,61(1), pp.72-76. Peet, R. and Hartwick, E., 2015.Theories of development: Contentions, arguments, alternatives. Guilford Publications. Powell, W.W., Oberg, A., Korff, V.P., Oelberger, C. and Kloos, K., 2016. Institutional analysis in a digital era: Mechanisms and methods to understand emerging fields.New themes in institutional analysis: Topics and issues from European research. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Scully, G.W., 2014.Constitutional environments and economic growth. Princeton University Press. Yang, X. and Ng, Y.K., 2015.Specialization and economic organization: A new classical microeconomic framework(Vol. 215). Elsevier.